1. Physical Activation: • Steam Activation: This is one of the most widely used methods. The carbonaceous material is heated in the presence of steam at high temperatures (800-1100°C) in a controlled environment. The steam reacts with the carbon, creating pores and increasing the surface area. • Carbon Dioxide Activation: Similar to steam activation, but carbon dioxide is used as the activating agent. This process is often employed for certain types of raw materials.